Trifles and Cuban Swimmer Essay - 771 Words

Mrs. Wright and Margarita are timely examples of the age old saying, Youve pushed me too far. Both of them were pushed throughout life to live up to someone elses expectations and in their own way they break and handle it they only way they know how. The women are under constant pressure to be someone that another person expects them to be and both women begin giving in to the expectations they can no longer live up to. Mrs. Wright lashes out in revenge while Margarita gives in and almost falls to her death. The characters both symbolize exactly what overwhelming emotions can do to a person and how in fact they may handle it. Mrs. Wright is being accused of murdering her husband, and all the evidence points to her, but if you look†¦show more content†¦It is obvious that not too many people knew Mrs. Wright very well because she always kept to herself. One of the women made the comment that Mrs. Wright used to be pretty and happy, when she was Minnie Foster not Minnie Wright. This is just the beginning of realizing that she was just pushed to far into depression and couldnt live up to John Wrights expectations anymore. The Wrights had no children and Mrs. Wright was alone in the house all day long. The women perceive John Wright to be a controlling husband who in fact probably wouldnt have children and this may have upset Mrs. Wright. They eventually find vacant bird cage and ponder upon what happened to the bird, realizing Mrs. Wright was lonely they figured she loved the bird and it kept her company. The women make reference to the fact that Mrs. Wright was kind of like a bird herself, and that she changed so much since she married John Wright. They begin looking for stuff to bring her and they find the bird dead and they realize someone had wrung its neck. This is when they realize Mrs. Wright was in fact pushed to far, John Wr ight had wrung her birds neck and in return Minnie Wright wrung his. Margaritas emotions were far from Mrs. Wrights in fact she did not try to take

Book Review of The Rational Optimist How Prosperity...

Matt Ridleys book, The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves The latest book by Matt Ridley entitled The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves presents a deep and amazing argument regarding the reason behind the expectation of life getting better and better with the passage of time. According to Ridley (2011), optimism revolves around several aspects of networks, globalization, cooperation, exchange, trade and specialization. Readers belonging to the domain of philosophy consider the book to be highly stimulating. Ridley (2011) has actually synthesized and expanded some of the ideas most readers are already acquainted with. These ideas are reminders of different books and certain connections and patterns exist between them (Easterly, 2010). The discussion based on interplay of ideas is a reminder of Steve Johnson and Frans Johansson. Nick Schulz and Arnold Kling also come to mind after seeing his discussion on evolving modern prosperity. He resembles Tyler Cowen when he discusses about why globalization results in huge creative gains. Greg g Easterbrook also comes to mind at the point where he stresses why we are still pessimistic despite the good news. His discussion pertaining to non-zero sum global cooperation takes readers and researchers to the world of Robert Wright. The foundational work of Adam Smith can be further recalled when he mentions his basic theses regarding exchange and trade (Easterly, 2010; Casnocha, 2011). In Ridleys opinion humanShow MoreRelatedOptimism in Modern Psychology: The Power of Positive Thinking3327 Words   |  14 PagesThroughout history great minds have wondered how individuals differed, and why they acted in particular ways. Traits are defined as non-ending dimensions of personality on which people vary (Carver, C., Scheier M. 2012). Once traits were established they were researched and investigated for their own unique and credible differences from other traits. One interesting trait that has been extensively researched is optimism. From the great lyrical workings of Voltaire, whose stances were those of factRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOne Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. JudgeRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCritical chain method Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Reducing Project Duration Leadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and

The Incarceration Of The Prison Policy Institute - 1369 Words

Attention TIA Credibility Thesis/ Topic statement INTRODUCTION I. According to the prison policy Institute there are currently 2.4 million Americans incarcerated in the United States with nearly 40% of that number being drug related offenses. Further the United states only makes up five percent of the worlds population, but we make up 25% of the worlds prison population and if you factor in the 40% of that 25% being drug offenders you can see that nearly a tenth of the worlds incarcerated are attributed to American drug offenders. These statistics can be seen in these two slides. II. Now if that statistic right there is not startlingly to you then let me share with you one that may hit close to your wallet, on average it costs 24,000 a year to hold an individual in jail. That 24,000 a year is used primarily to hide a major issue we have in this country and that is drug addiction. III. To help and try deal with this problem I have conducted extensive research that gives me credibility to ultimately†¦ IV. Inform and persuade you that by utilizing rehab over incarceration for non violent drug offenders we as a nation can combat the wasteful spending, the addiction issue in our nation, and the fact our incarceration system fails these individuals. Main Point Sub-Point Sub-Point BODY I. In our society we are faced with a drug addiction problem that is not being dealt with properly. Our use of incarceration as a means to deal with thisShow MoreRelatedIncarceration : Balancing Punishment And Treatment988 Words   |  4 Pages4.0 Alternatives to Incarceration Balancing Punishment and Treatment Mass Incarceration In December 2013, President Barack Obama commuted the sentences of eight federal inmates who were convicted of nonviolent crack cocaine offenses, six of whom were serving life sentences (Miles 2014). The surge in the prison population of the United States of America can be attributed to changes in sentencing and policies that created stricter laws and harsher punishments for offenders. For the last half-centuryRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The United States Of America978 Words   |  4 Pagessurge in the prison population of the United States of America can be attributed to changes in sentencing and policies that created stricter laws and harsher punishments for offenders. For the last half-century, America’s attempts to get tough on crime and wage a war on drugs have landed the U.S. the highest spot on the worldwide charts in regards to prison population; only in recent years has the rate of incarceration changed course, tracking a slow, steady downward trail. Inc arceration is supposedRead MoreDrug Addiction Treatment Vs. Incarceration966 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Addiction Treatment vs. Incarceration: Gaining Insight Regarding the Facts Drug addiction is most often defined as a chronic progressive relapsing cycle in which an individual experiences excessive compulsions in using a mood altering substance despite the consequences associated with the drug. Drug addiction is also considered a disease that affects the brain; which results in a chemical imbalance caused by the abuse of illegal substances. The effects of drug usage can cause long term brainRead MoreMultiple Elements Of Incarceration Within Australia s Criminal Justice System907 Words   |  4 PagesThis eBook reports on issues relating to multiple elements of incarceration within Australia’s Criminal Justice System. Specifically, a large allotment of text is allocated to discuss transgender inmates and their sexual identification once in prison. The author Cyndi Banks, acknowledges that prisons may adopt either genitalia- based placements or a identity based placements and notes that if genital reconstructive surgery has not been undergone, the i nmate will be identified as their birth sexualRead MoreThe Flaws of Incarceration in America Essay1366 Words   |  6 Pagesinmates, and its incarceration rate is growing exponentially. The expense generated by these overcrowded prisons cost the country a substantial amount of money every year. While people are incarcerated for a number of reasons, the country’s prisons are focused on punishment rather than reform, and the result is a misguided system that fails to rehabilitate criminals or discourage crime. The ineffectiveness of the United States’ criminal justice system is caused by mass incarceration of non-violentRead MoreMass Incarceration Is Defined As The Imprisonment Of A Large Amount Of People1439 Words   |  6 PagesAt the simplest level, mass incarceration is defined as the imprisonment of a large amount of people. However, that does not tell the whole story. The majority of people incarcerated are minorities, and although mass incarceration began as a s ystem of unjust racial and social control, today it continues for many political reasons including government grants, swaying voter opinion, and for-profit prison revenue. The United States incarcerates more people, per capita, than any other nation in theRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Use And Incarceration894 Words   |  4 PagesState s long and complex history of substance use and incarceration. Some could make a strong argument that our country s battle against substance use has been a misguided, ill conceived, expensive, and discriminatory attempt which produced inauspicious results. The War on Drugs and Deinstitutionalization are two such attempts. This paper will analyze how these policy blunders have formed a strong association between substance use and incarceration, how current practice and research is attempted toRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 PagesAlternatives to Mass Incarceration Once upon a time, Americans could proudly say that America was the land of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studies, â€Å"In OctoberRead MorePunitive Model Of Incarceration During The United States1321 Words   |  6 Pages Examining the Punitive Model of Incarceration in the United States and the Changes that Brought It About Collin S. Lahr Ball State University Abstract This paper explores several different sources that cover some aspect of how the United States Penal System went from the Rehabilitative Model to a punitive system. Bryan Stevenson and Betsy Matthews have written about how drug enforcement and the â€Å"War on Drugs† are responsible. Yeoman Lowbrow’s analysis of the crime rate and statistics willRead MoreEssay about Reccomendations for Preventing Crime in Queensland932 Words   |  4 Pagescrime policies are likely to turn away from incarceration and towards prevention. Using your understanding of criminology and the reasons why people commit crime; provide a recommendation on what action you think the government should take to prevent crime in Queensland. Speculation has been raised about whether incarceration is effective for criminal offenders. When an offender goes against the law, it has been argued that they must take a social debt. Therefore, they are sent to prison to protect

Analysis of The Reconstruction Period - 1087 Words

After the ending of the Civil War in 1865, slavery was, at last, formally abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment. Due to the freedom of these African Americans and the South’s ever-growing hatred towards this group, African Americans were left to suffer harsh discrimination and horrible conditions. Africans Americans were left without homes, education, jobs, or money. Reconstruction was the Radical Republicans’ attempt to try and bring the Confederate states back to normal and unite both the South and the North into a whole country once again. Reconstruction was also set to protect and help the newly freed African Americans assimilate to the new society and the foreign economy they were placed in. Conditions of the African Americans in†¦show more content†¦Along with being left with nothing but wasted years, casualties, and deeper in debt, the Confederates lost their cause and this made them angry. The Ku Klux Klan offered protection and support along with w hat they thought was justice. â€Å"To protect the weak, the innocent, and the defenseless, from the indignities, wrongs, and outrages of the lawless, the violent, and the brutal; the relieve the injured and oppressed; to succor the suffering and unfortunate and specially the widows and orphans of the Confederate soldiers.† This support and understanding that the Ku Klux Klan offered was attractive to the poor white Southerners. The Ku Klux Klan imposed extreme fear on African American, their purpose to discourage the African American vote for the Republican party. This in turn defeated the whole purpose as to why the Fifteenth Amendment was passed. A direct quote from: Political Terrorism by the Ku Klux Klan. â€Å"Q: What are they afraid of? A: Of being killed or whipped to death. Q: What has made them afraid? A: Because men that voted radical tickets they took the spite out on the women when they could get at them.† This primary document only adds to the point tha t African Americans during the Reconstruction period were terrorized and pressured to do what the Confederates demanded. Although all African Americans were free and Reconstruction had taken effect, African Americans in the South were still not living in peace duringShow MoreRelatedLucy, discovered by Donald C. Johanson and Tom Gray, is Our Oldest and Most Complete Human Ancestor991 Words   |  4 Pagesthe same species as Lucy, or even that they are from the same period of time. When Lucy’s bones were examined, they didn’t add up to her being a biped. The pelvis was the biggest problem, as it didn’t seem to allow for Lucy to walk upright. Johanson and his team declared it misshapen and decided to begin a reconstruction. The reconstructed pelvis was found to confirm the hypothesis. Again, the team responsible for the reconstruction is not an external, 3rd party objective team, but rather the sameRead More C. Vann Woodwards The Strange Career of Jim Crow Essay1719 Words   |  7 PagesSouth, and did not begin until after Reconstruction ended. He further argues that since the South has seen so much change, citing the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the development of the Jim Crow laws, it is possible for more changes to occur in a movement away from segregation. Though to a modern reader this seems like a logical argument following the events of history as they occurred, it must be remembered that Woodward was writing during the time peri od in which all of this was happening andRead MoreThe Effects Of Exposure On Persons With Social Anxiety Disorder Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesexposure. By conducting an empirical review on previously published findings, the researcher intends to find out whether the currently used methods are effective, and possibly introduce a new concept/ argument to the current existing discussion. Analysis of Methodology This empirical review focused on four English-language articles, which contained literature on the effectiveness of using cognitive behavior therapy or its related approaches in the treatment of social anxiety disorder Taylor, 1996;Read MoreThe End Of The Civil War1577 Words   |  7 Pagesand establish equality for the African Americans. A highly debated and crucial topic in this time period was the rights of the free black men to vote. â€Å"The goal of Reconstruction was to readmit the South on terms that were acceptable to the North –full political and civil equality for blacks and a denial of the political rights of whites who were the leaders of the secession movement† (â€Å"Reconstruction†). The Republican party was segregated due to different opinions regarding black civil rights intoRead MoreThe Demise of Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site1791 Words   |  7 Pagestheories for the demise of the Cahokians such as a massive flood, over-population causin g a depletion of resources, and a social and polity fall. The central question raised within this paper is based on: did climate changes during the Mississippian Period from 1000 to 1400 A.D. cause the early demise of the largest North American native metropolis of the Cahokia mound builders? Climate change is the most notable and evidential reason for the disappearance in this area where the Cahokian people hadRead MoreAn Evaluation Of An Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl ) Tear866 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurs in one of the knee ligaments that join the bones of the upper and lower leg, keeping the knee stable. After reconstructive surgery patients need extensive rehabilitation and healing time before even considering any physical activity. ACL reconstructions are common amongst people, it has been difficult for surgeons and physicians to come to an agreement on rehabilitation regarding these patients returning back to health. Many physicians are trying to come to a consensus as to w hat rehabilitationRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War1541 Words   |  7 PagesWhen people think about Reconstruction what comes to their minds first is the rebuilding of the Union. For all intents and purposes, the years between 1865 and 1877 following the Civil War were about the reunification of the Northern and the Southern states and the government’s attempt to return everything back to normalcy. This time was about letting the southern states join the United States again. However the issue that was also happening at the time was the issue of emancipation. After the CivilRead MoreThe Glory Field By Walter Dean Myers1265 Words   |  6 Pagestimeline can be split into three distinct sections, Emancipation, forming segregation, and life post-Civil War, pre-civil rights. The beginning of Emancipation starts with the Civil War ending when the Confederate army surrendered in spring of 1865 (Reconstruction of the Formerly Enslaved). This meant that the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in the south. The proclamation was made by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 and stated â€Å"That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves withinRead More Failure of Democracy Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to David Herbert Donald in the article Why They Impeached Andrew Johnson, â€Å"Rarely has democratic government so completely failed as during the Reconstruction decade.† As voiced by Lincoln in his Gettysburg Address, the nation is a â€Å"government of the people, by the people, and for the people.† However, during the period of reconstruction, the government was far from this philosophy. Public opinion was all but ignored, and all matters were decided by either President or Congress. SouthernRead MoreEssay on The Romance of Renunion Summary669 Words   |  3 Pageshistorical analysis in The Romance of Reunion, takes an in depth look at the groundwork that was behind the reconstruction of the nation after the Civil War. While most historians refer to the political agenda behind fixing the segregated nation, Silber takes a moderately different approach and focuses more on reunification, rather than reconstruction. Her argument is made very clear throughout the book and through the use of numerous illustrations that were developed during this time period, Silber

Impact of Police Brutality Free Essays

Police officers are not only trained to uphold ND respect the law but It Is made very clear to them that they are not above or Immune to the law themselves. Although they seem to believe they are. Due to the amount of power and authority given to police officers, they must be held accountable for any criminal actions. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Police Brutality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many of you are probably wondering why I chose this topic, and it is simply because it has probably touched every single person in this room, whether you witnessed it, heard about it or were a victim of it yourself but nothing Is being said or done to stop it. I’m not sure how many of you attended Blood West Villages annual Ukrainian Festival last weekend but If you did, there Is no doubt In my mind that you are thinking about the hundreds of armed police officers patrolling the festival as if it was a federal prison. Now I ask you, why would they do this? Why do police officers feel they have the right to treat the average citizen like a criminal? There are many incidents across Canada involving the RACE and Regional Police Forces, in which they are accused of abusing their authority and power, such as unjustified deaths including, but not limited to, the death of Robert Deskills In October 2007 at the Vancouver Airport, the unnecessary arrest and searches of hundreds of Innocent people during the 620 summit. There are countless videos and eyewitness testimonies to these occurrences, yet they go virtually unnoticed. Now I ask you, who is policing the police? A recent incident involving police brutality was the shocking assault caught on camera by officer Geoff Mantled in Keelson, British Columbia. Mantled was accused of assault causing bodily harm, after Instructing a suspect to get down, and as he proceeded to get on his hands and knees, the RACE officer kicked him In the face. As a suspect, you are innocent until proven guilty, therefore if you are complying with police, they have no right to assault you. This officer’s actions were intentional, deliberate and appalling to say the least. Now I ask you, what was the punishment for such a crime? Mantled was suspended from the force with pay. Sounds like more of a vacation to me! Do you think this is an adequate punishment for kicking someone in the face? I most certainly do not! Geoff Mantled should be charged with assault causing bodily harm, Like any other citizen would be. Due to the â€Å"Blue Shield,† which Is better known as he police code of silence, is simply the unwritten rule that all police officers will not to report against another colleague’s errors, misconducts or crimes. Police officers rarely go against this code because doing so would cause unrest within the department, and other consequences such as having your own misconduct exposed. Due to this, It is clear that police cannot be trusted to conduct their own internal Investigations Walton tenet department as ten result wall always De Dallas. Canaan needs an independent agency dedicated to investigating allegations of police conducts and excessive force in order to ensure accountability in these specific incidents. An external agency, free of political interference may help to restore some of the trust, confidence and respect of the RACE and regional police forces, which has been undermined by recent incidents of police misconduct. If police forces feel that they can assault people in broad daylight with multiple witnesses and get away with it then we can only imagine the things they think they can get away with when nobody is looking. Now I ask you, who is policing the police? Currently, it is nobody, and something must be done about it! How to cite Impact of Police Brutality, Papers

A Sea of Discovery free essay sample

I used to think that I was one of the rarest people on the earth because I had been to see the ocean. And not just that, I had swam in the ocean. As I grew older I realized that it was not so uncommon, so I stashed the memory to the back of my mind, not wanting to think of the compact mind-frame I used to have. I pulled that memory out again, for no particular reason, and it made me smile. I could feel the warmth from the sun beating down on my feet, giving me an inevitable flip-flop tan line. I could smell the salt water rising to my nostrils as each wave inched closer and closer to where I was sitting. It was a family trip, and I like to think it was unordinary, too, because we were in southeast Asia, I remember it was so different from anything else I had known. We will write a custom essay sample on A Sea of Discovery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Usually, I suppose, the beach would be filled with people, but today, there was a storm. It hadn’t started yet, but the clouds came and went and a tropical storm is not something most people like to stick around for. However, we weren’t like other people, and I had never really appreciated our peculiarity until that day. My family stayed and we played in the water. My three siblings and I threw sand at each other, stopping at nothing, except for those brief moments when we picked up the most beautiful shells together. The sun was playing with us. It would peek out from behind the rain clouds and just when we finally felt like the storm might pass, it hid itself again. When it started raining my mother took my youngest siblings to the shed on the beach so they wouldn’t get wet. My father, my sister, and I, however, ran in the opposite direction with the same amount of urgency. We ran to the sea. The weather worsened as we went along, but still we stayed. It was warm in the water and we wanted nothing less than to be defeated by the rain. At that moment, with the taste of saltwater stinging my taste buds, with the sand beneath my feet dancing through my toes, I had an epiphany. I looked out to the shore where my mother and my younger siblings stood, then I turned and gazed at the vastness of the open waters. There was no way I could even try to see the end of the ocean, and it amazed me. Remember the song, â€Å"It’s a Small World?† I saw the exact opposite. While it may seem like a small world, we actually live in a world so enormous we can’t even comprehend it. And we, each one of us, are only one person in this big world. I began thinking about what the rest of the world might be doing as I swam in the storm on the sea. I began wondering how they live, what they value, who they love. The greatness of the sea, spanning out thousands of miles, the life of earth, containing thousands of souls, the weight of the world, a burden of thousands of secrets may separate us from each other, but that should not stop us. We can see that there are others that live in dire conditions and are silently begging for help. Why can’t we help them ? What is stopping us? When the sun came out from behind the clouds, the rain stopped as if it had been driven away by the power of that great ball of fire. This is the same fire that we each carry within us and we are given countless opportunities to chase away the storm that penetrates the lives of those in need. We left the water behind us to dry off and go home, the experience was over. I learned a lot that day, in those minutes swimming in the ocean. You never really know about the world until you experience it, just like you never really know the feeling of fear and exhilaration that comes from swimming in the ocean during a storm. The lives we live every day are only a small part of the greater picture of the life of the world. What we are destined to do, however, is to take the world in our hands and go. We are given gifts and hardship, but it is these trials and tribulations that keep us going. The truth is, we can help those in need, whether they are across an ocean or across the street. There is nothing stopping us but ourselves and that is something we can all overcome.

In 1995, I decided to volunteer as a missionary fo Essay Example For Students

In 1995, I decided to volunteer as a missionary fo Essay The r my church. On the application form, there was no space for suggestions as to where in the world I would like to serve as a missionary. Church leaders assign missionaries to the place they feel we should go. I was surprised with the assignment to serve in Taiwan, speaking Mandarin Chinese. I had no previous experience with Chinese people or their language, so I felt fortunate that the church provides 2 months of intensive language training before the missionary even gets on the plane. During my 2 months in the language-training center, I found out just how different Mandarin Chinese is from my native language. The time went by quickly, and after obtaining a very tenuous grasp on the basics of Mandarin, I got on the plane and flew to Taiwan. Upon arriving there, I was assigned a companion who had been in Taiwan for just over a year and a half. From my first day in Taiwan, I was expected to dive headfirst into the task of teaching people about the church. I found that although at the Missionary Training Center I had learned to put together basic sentences, there was a whole other level of the language that I still needed to considerthe discourse level. The pursuit of clear and fluent discourse has been a focus of mine ever since. I always hoped that I would eventually pick up the finer points of Mandarin Chinese purely through contact with the people. The church did provide us with some study aids. However, these study aids amounted only to vocabulary lists and a few grammar hints which were either very basic or not altogether accurate. I discovered a trend, which has been accurately pointed out by Bourgerie (1997:107); those who made our study aids seemed to assume that there are classes of items that are beyond the realm of normal pedagogy. It seems they assumed that mastery of these items would be obtained through everyday contact with the people. I found, upon returning home a year ago, that I still hadnt picked up many of these items. While my speaking ability had reached a point that native Chinese people clearly understood my pronunciation and tones, my mastery of those items that had not been clearly taught to me sometimes caused major communication breakdowns. Frustrated, I decided to isolate these parts of speech that were giving me so much trouble, look them up in reference grammars, and figure out once and for all how to use them like a native Chinese person. It was this search that raised the questions that I will attempt to answer in this paper. The part of Chinese I chose to examine for this paper is the perfective aspect (PRV) -le particle. I will analyze and compare how various grammars, textbooks, and studies describe and explain this particle. Because most of the descriptions and explanations of this particle seem to be based mainly on the theories and ideas of the authors of these analyses, it seemed that a survey of native Chinese speakers would provide a good standard by which to judge these theories. Li and Thompsons book, MANDARIN CHINESE A Functional Reference Grammar (1981) is widely used to teach learners of Chinese how to use the PRV -le particle. That is why, for this paper, I chose to put Li and Thompson up against the standard a survey would provide. By looking at data from 27 Chinese Mandarin speakers use of PRV -le in discourse against Li and Thompsons prescription of how the particle should be used, I will attempt to find out how accurate that prescription is when compared to how native speakers actually use the particle. Next, I present the results of the study. Finally, I discuss the implications of the results for learners of Chinese. THE PRV -LE IN CHINESE GRAMMARS, TEXTBOOKS, AND LINGUISTICS JOURNALS. .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e , .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e .postImageUrl , .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e , .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e:hover , .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e:visited , .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e:active { border:0!important; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e:active , .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32d78ad1537f0516b340f4c58cf81a5e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Secret Essay As far as my experience goes, in the classroom setting, PRV -le was never taught in-depth. In doing the research for this paper, Ive found that this lack of treatment in the classroom was not because of a lack of theoretical literature on the subject. In fact, the theories as .